Unit 5 Design and Learning | How can I help people learn from a design?

1. Chunking
 -Chunking is a technique of combining information into limited number of units to increase recall       performance and retain information.
Example:

Floor directory of  FSKPM, UNIMAS

The floor directory has chunk the information of the rooms at FSKPM into different parts according to the level of floor.

2. Classical Conditioning
-It is a learning process that occurs between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that influences our behaviour.

Example: From the picture above, the restaurant is showing the menu to the customer on the banner. The banner has all the food pictures which act as an environmental stimulus when customer saw the food, they will feel hungry and looks delicious and so, they went in the restaurant. 

3. Serial Position Effect
-Serial position effect is looking at how the arrangement of objects and its impact towards our memory. There are mainly two type, primacy effect and recency effect, where people remember the first item and the last item the most.

from the picture above we could see that every time when we click on the tab of a document file, it always start with save button and end with an exit button. 

4. Picture Superiority Effect
-Pictures are more easily to recognized and recalled than words.
Example:

Use picture to explain the rules in Faculty is more easy to attract attention instead of using the words.

5. Von Restorff Effect
- Von Restorff Effect is where we can easily differentiate an object than the others because it stands out than the other object. It is also known as isolation effect.

From the picture above, we could easily detect the mouse because its orange colour stands out among all the green colour.

6. Forgiveness
-Design should help people to avoid errors and minimize the negative consequences of errors when they do occur
a. Good Affordances - physical characteristics of the design that influence its correct use

The blue plastic adapter enables user to plug in the two-pin socket into the three-pin plug safely.

The card holder is designed with four edges that protrude inwards to give a tighter grip to the card and prevent it from falling out.

b. Reversibility of Actions - actions can be reversed if an error occurs

The undo button functions to enable user to go back to the previous stage. User will not lose his work after he make a mistake.

c. Safety Nets - device or process that minimizes the negative consequences of a catastrophic error or failure. The main electric fuse in every homes is designed to ensure safety. If any appliances cause short circuit, the main fuse will trip stopping electric current that may potentially start a fire.

d. Conformation - verification of intent that is required before critical actions are allowed

The computer system will ask the conformation from the user before delete the file. This is to avoid the user from accidentally delete the important documents.

e. Warnings - signs, prompts or alarms used to warn of imminent danger

When the battery of a laptop is low, the system will warn the user to either shut down or charge the laptop.

f. Help - information that assists in basic operations, troubleshooting and error recovery

If user face any problem, they can visit "window help and support" system to troubleshoot the problems and find the solutions.

7. Operant Conditioning
 - A form of learning which involved either positive (reward) or negative reinforcement (punishment). This technique is used to modify behavior by reinforcing desired behaviors and ignoring or punishing undesired behaviors.
Positive reinforcement - increase the probability of a behavior to being repeated
Negative reinforcement - decrease the probability of a behavior to being repeated

Example: Loyalty card

Customers can get reward points when they purchase at the particular shop and the points can use to get free gift or discount from the particular shop. So, the customers will tend to spend more in order to get more reward points (positive reinforcement).